Where Did Makeup First Come From

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least 7,000 years and is present in almost every lodge on earth. Cosmetic body fine art is argued to have been the earliest form of a ritual in human civilization. The show for this comes in the form of utilised red mineral pigments (red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa.^{[1] [ii] [iii] [iv] [v] [six]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes various dazzler treatments too.

Cosmetics were also used in aboriginal Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. Information technology is known that some women in ancient Rome invented brand upward including lead-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and kohl to line the eyes.^[7]

Beyond the globe [edit]

North Africa [edit]

Arab republic of egypt [edit]

One of the earliest cultures to employ cosmetics was ancient Egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to heighten their appearance. The use of cosmetics in Ancient Egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in northward Africa. The use of blackness kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colours such as blue, red, and blackness was common, and was usually recorded and represented in Egyptian art, as well as existence seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians also extracted cerise dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} merely this dye resulted in serious disease. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance plant in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.^[8] Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was also thought to accept antibacterial properties that helped forestall infections.^[nine] Remedies to treat wrinkles contained ingredients such equally gum of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was fabricated of red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An culling handling was a poultice of carob grounds and honey, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To improve breath the aboriginal Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is nevertheless in employ today. Jars of what could be compared with setting lotion have been constitute to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled as remedies for problems such every bit alopecia and greying hair. They also used these products on their mummies, considering they believed that it would make them irresistible in the after life.

Heart East [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Attestation, such every bit in 2 Kings 9:30, where the biblical effigy Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are besides mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

China [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative role in China. Legend has information technology that once on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, girl of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace virtually the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her fair confront, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.^{[10] [xi] [12]} The courtroom ladies were said to be so impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a small delicate plum blossom design.^{[10] [eleven] [xiii]} This is as well the mythical origin of the floral mode, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amidst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [14]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted red spots on the eye of their cheeks, correct under their eyes. Still, it is a mystery why. They said that red cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ citation needed ]}

Japan [edit]

A maiko in the Gion commune of Kyoto, Japan, in total brand-upwardly. The style of the lipstick indicates that she is still new.

In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to paint the eyebrows and edges of the eyes as well as the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' pilus wax, were used by geisha equally a makeup base. Rice pulverization colors the face up and dorsum; rouge contours the eye socket and defines the olfactory organ.^{[15] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (blackness pigment) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when maiko (amateur geisha) graduate and become contained. The geisha would also sometimes apply bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Western Asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Islamic republic of iran from ancient periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a blackness powder that is used widely across the Persian Empire. It is used every bit a pulverization or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner.^[sixteen] Later on Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the real await in social club to mislead or cause uncontrolled desire.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic law, despite these requirements, there is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be fabricated of substances that harm 1's body.

An early instructor in the tenth century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A chapter of the 19th volume was defended to cosmetics. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the corrective affiliate was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he chosen "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of present-solar day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He also used oily substances called Adhan for medication and beautification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to use cosmetics include the aboriginal Greeks ^{[5] [6]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the utilize of cosmetics was common amidst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by certain Roman writers, who thought it to be against the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and later past Christian writers who expressed like sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elderberry mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a volume on the topic.

Stake faces were a trend during the European Middle Ages. In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to achieve pale pare. Castilian prostitutes wore pink makeup to dissimilarity pale skin.^{[ citation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to bear witness that they were upper form.^[17] Use of cosmetics connected in Center Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[xviii] during the after 16th century in the W, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the product amongst the upper grade.^{[ vague ] [18]} Cosmetics connected to be used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics existence openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly alleged makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable simply for utilise past actors,^[19] with many famous actresses of the time, such every bit Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century fashion ideals of women appearing delicate, feminine and pale were achieved by some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their eyes to appear larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly by many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was generally frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the use of cosmetic products.

Americas and Australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for formalism events or battle.^{[ citation needed ]} Similar practices were followed by Aboriginals in Commonwealth of australia.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the Usa and practice not correspond a worldwide view of the bailiwick. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (November 2017) (Larn how and when to remove this template message)

19th century [edit]

During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics industry began to grow due to a rise in "visual self-sensation," a shift in the perception of color cosmetics, and improvements in the condom of products.^[twenty] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and access to reflective devices stifled people's ability to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in plough, express the need for a cosmetic market place and resulted in individuals creating and applying their own products at home. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the dwelling and in public, increased consciousness of one's appearance and created a demand for cosmetic products that improved one's image.^[20]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from abode were constitute to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their use. Discoveries of not-toxic corrective ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow's 1866 use of zinc oxide as a face powder, and the distribution of corrective products by established companies such as Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[xx] Skincare, along with "face painting" products like powders, as well became in-demand products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of cold cream brands such as Pond'south through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a high need for the product. These advertisement and corrective marketing styles were shortly replicated in European countries, which farther increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[20]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture by beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early 1900s, makeup was not excessively popular. In fact, women inappreciably wore makeup at all. Make-up at this time was even so by and large the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[21] Face enameling (applying actual pigment to the face up) became pop among the rich at this fourth dimension in an attempt to look paler. This practice was dangerous due to the main ingredient often being arsenic.^[22] Pale skin was associated with wealth because it meant that one was non out working in the sun and could beget to stay inside all 24-hour interval. Cosmetics were and so unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could only be bought at theatrical costume stores. A adult female's "makeup routine" often simply consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting sheet, to whiten the olfactory organ in the wintertime and shine their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, so was just seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became loftier in need because it was used on chapped lips, as a base of operations for hair tonic, and soap.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, but just lavender water or refined cologne was admissible for women to article of clothing.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, past an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the name "Mum". Roll-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and droplets deodorant in 1965.

Effectually 1910, brand-upwards became fashionable in the United states and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such as Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the nearly typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror beauty book showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to vesture. With that said, men frequently saw rouge as a mark of sex activity and sin, and rouging was considered an admission of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to get in a misdemeanor for women nether the historic period of forty-four to wearable cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a false impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was 1 of the kickoff to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was also presented in this dazzler book, created from gum Standard arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett developed cosmetic tattooing during this time period. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, red lips, and dark eyebrows. He also was able to tattoo men disfigured in the Beginning World War by inserting skin tones in damaged faces and past covering scars with colors more pleasing to the eye.^[27] Max Gene opened upward a professional person makeup studio for phase and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to buy theatrical centre shadow and eyebrow pencils for their home utilise.

In the 1920s, the film industry in Hollywood had the most influential impact on cosmetics. Stars such as Theda Bara had a substantial effect on the makeup manufacture. Helena Rubinstein was Bara'southward makeup artist; she created mascara for the extra, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this time were Max Gene, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the nowadays 24-hour interval makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the about pop cosmetics of this time, more then than rouge and pulverization, considering they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metallic container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[30] The Flapper manner also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark eyes, scarlet lipstick, blood-red nail smoothen, and the suntan, invented as a fashion statement past Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in role considering it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the key constituent of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early on commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny brush into hot h2o, rub the beard on the block, remove the excess by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and then apply the mascara equally if her eyelashes were a watercolor sail.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, invented modern synthetic hair dye in 1907 and he also invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The first patent for a smash polish was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pink. It'south not clear how night this rose was, but any girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a baby's chroma risked gossip nigh being "fast."^[31] Previously, but agronomical workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins as pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel's adoption of the suntan, dozens of new false tan products were produced to help both men and women achieve the "lord's day-kissed" await. In Asia, skin whitening continued to represent the ideal of beauty, as it does to this twenty-four hour period.

In the fourth dimension menstruum after the First Earth War, in that location was a boom in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon's world. Face-lifts were performed as early as 1920, simply it wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of crumbling.^[33] During the twentieth century, corrective surgery mainly revolved around women. Men only participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Social club of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increase public awareness about plastic surgery. As a outcome, in 1982, the United states of america Supreme Courtroom granted physicians the legal right to advertise their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements oft made the surgeries seem gamble-gratuitous, even though they were anything but. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reported that more than two million Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction beingness the virtually pop. Breast augmentations ranked second, while numbers three, four, and 5 went to eye surgery, face-lifts, and chemical peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an attempt to lighten their complexion every bit well every bit hair straightening to announced whiter. Peel bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive thirty to l percentage of all advertisements in the blackness press of the decade.^[35] Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches contained caustic chemicals such equally hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the peel. These bleaches could cause severe dermatitis and even death in loftier dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an private's risk. In the 1970s, at to the lowest degree 5 companies started producing make-up for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Face makeup and lipstick did not work for dark peel types considering they were created for stake skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale skin tones only made dark skin appear grey. Somewhen, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies similar Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to attain out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second World State of war, cosmetics were in short supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this time when they were restricted, lipstick, pulverization, and confront cream were most desirable and virtually experimentation was carried out for the mail service war period. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would result in a phenomenal boom later, so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" later on the war considering they were the oldest established. Swimming's had this same appeal in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were one of the first to give its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern cherry-red" and "bounding main coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced by feminism decided to become without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Tin can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were amid items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[xl] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural look" for day and a more sexualized image for evening. Not-allergic makeup appeared when the blank face was in fashion as women became more than interested in the chemical value of their makeup.^[41] Modern developments in technology, such as the High-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying ability in clothing than their predecessors.^[42] The prime cosmetic of the time was eye shadow, though; women also were interested in new lipstick colors such as lilac, green, and silver.^[43] These lipsticks were oftentimes mixed with stake pinks and whites, so women could create their own individual shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market place in this decade, with Revlon giving them wide publicity.^[43] This product was applied to the brow, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the face with white eye shadow cream likewise became popular. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole cosmetic industry in general opened opportunities for women in business equally entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are now widely bachelor from dedicated net-only retailers,^[46] who have more recently been joined online past established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Like nigh industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies. In the U.Due south., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve or review cosmetics, although information technology does regulate the colors that tin be used in hair dyes. Cosmetic companies are not required to report injuries resulting from use of their products.^[47]

Although modern makeup has been used mainly past women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics usually associated to women to enhance their own facial features. Concealer is commonly used by cosmetic-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products specially tailored for men, and men are using such products more unremarkably.^[48] There is some controversy over this, withal, as many feel that men who wear makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and do not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, however, view this as a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men also have the right to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women do.

Today the market of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Nihon: Nippon is the second largest market place in the earth. Regarding the growth of this market place, cosmetics in Japan have entered a period of stability. However, the market state of affairs is quickly irresolute. Now consumers tin can access a lot of information on the Internet and cull many alternatives, opening up many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to see the diverse needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the ground of the value of shipments by brand manufacturer. With a growth rate of 0.1%, the market was almost unchanged from the previous year.^[49]
• Russia: One of the near interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching U.s.$13.5 billion.^{[ commendation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to sally, such as more complicated home skin-care regimens, hair colour preserving products, and beauty tools.^[50] Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased by up to 70% because of quarantining and face-covering mandates.^[51]

Run across likewise [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female cosmetic coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric fine art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cave

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 17 (seven–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Power, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Fine art". In Berghaus, G. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Fine art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Red ochre, body painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-nineteen-156767-iv.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (1 September 2010). "The pigments from Pinnacle Signal Cavern 13B, Western Cape, South Africa". Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (three): 392–411. doi:ten.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Ancient Hellenic republic. Oxford Academy Printing. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ folio needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Printing. ISBN978-one-43981-213-6.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical World. 102 (3): 291–310. doi:10.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Projection MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What's That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering News. 77 (28): 31. doi:10.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya North. (18 January 2010). "Aboriginal Egypt'due south Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Bloom deities mark the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Authorities Information Office, Republic of China. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". West & East 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ dead link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". China Today . Retrieved 8 October 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese wear. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-6. For example, the Huadian or brow ornament was said to have originated in the Due south Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early jump and a light cakewalk brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum bloom for some reason could not be washed off or removed in any mode. Fortunately, it looked cute on her, and suddenly became all the rage amongst the girls of the commoners. Information technology is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular among the women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (October 2001). "Make-Up of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on nine February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in beauty and art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. nineteen (iv): 375–386. doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Autumn (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 17 January 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Commemoration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. New York Metropolis: St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-0-312-19914-ii.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Practise I Await?". Beauty Imagined. Oxford, United kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-6.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (five May 2016). "A History of Make-upwardly & Fashion: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved xix May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Dazzler. New York Metropolis: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-2. ^{[ page needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". L'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Mod Confront: Corrective Surgery". Social Inquiry. 67 (ane): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women'southward Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Journal of Magazine Media. xv (ane). doi:10.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Project MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (1 June 2011). "Skin bleach and civilization: the racial formation of black in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Periodical of Pan African Studies. 4 (four): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modern Living: Black Cosmetics". Fourth dimension. 29 June 1970. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (i): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Vox of the Women's Liberation Motility. p. 4.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products". Charles Ross & Son Company . Retrieved vii June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 5.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the unabridged beauty products sector (Function 1)". Beauty Now. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your health". Role on Women'due south Health. four November 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on thirteen May 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
50. ^ "The beauty trends customers are buying during Covid-19". Vogue Business. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 2 Apr 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick index'". The Guardian. 18 December 2020. Retrieved two April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Make-up. London, Uk: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America'southward Beauty Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Make-Upward: Looking Your Best in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face project: Women try no-makeup experiment". United states Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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